Lung Cancer Weekly News

FDA approves alectinib as adjuvant treatment for ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer
“On April 18, 2024, the Food and Drug Administration approved alectinib (Alecensa, Genentech, Inc.) for adjuvant treatment following tumor resection in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as detected by an FDA-approved test.”

Retired NY Police Officer Runs Boston Marathon 6 Months After Lung Cancer Surgery
“When Vinny O’Shaughnessy crossed the finish line at the Boston Marathon, he says he was the “happiest guy on earth.” Mostly happy it was over— each step of the 26.2 miles hurt because of some bruised ribs sustained in a fall while training — but also because even cancer couldn’t keep him from his goal.”

Preoperative Physical Dysfunction Characteristics and Influence Factors Among Elderly Patients with Early Lung Cancer: A Latent Class Analysis
“Conclusion: The variety of preoperative physical dysfunction seen in elderly patients with early lung cancer can be categorized into three latent classes. Medical professionals should create strategies for intervention for multiple patient populations with the goal of further enhancing their general state of life.”

Moffitt Researchers Discover New Therapeutic Target for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
TAMPA, Fla. — Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for nearly 85% of all lung cancer cases. Targeted immunotherapy is a common treatment, but it does not work for everyone. However, a new Moffitt Cancer Center study published in the journal Immunity offers insight into how lung cancer cells evade the protective immune system, potentially opening a door for novel antibody-based immunotherapies.”

New trials show promise for immune checkpoint blockers in early-stage lung cancer
“In a recent phase I trial published in the journal Cell Reports Medicine, researchers from Belgium administered a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine targeting patient-specific neoantigens to patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). They found that the vaccine was viable and led to limited toxicity and systemic T-cell responses, with 50% of patients experiencing disease recurrence during the study.”

A Combination of Targeted Therapies Proves Effective Against Mutation-Driven Lung Cancer
“Combining targeted therapies known as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can be an effective way to treat a mutation-driven form of lung cancer in cases where tumors develop resistance to treatment and where cancer has spread to other parts of the body, a University of Colorado Cancer Center member reports. “This combination has not been studied very well before, and it really has shown some impressive results,” says Tejas Patil, MD, an assistant professor in the CU Division of Medical Oncology.”

Financial Strain, Quality of Life Top Unmet Needs in Lung Cancer Survivors
““Overall, our findings suggest that unmet needs are associated with QOL and financial toxicity and highlight the potential for targeted interventions that address these needs to improve QOL and financial toxicity among survivors of lung cancer,” they concluded. “Based on our findings of unmet needs and potential interventions to improve QOL and FT and on prior research including recommendations per the National Comprehensive Cancer Network survivorship guidelines, we propose a survivorship framework adapted from Nekhlyudov et al for survivors of lung cancer.””

Video:

Moving The Needle in Lung Cancer Management With Robotic-Assisted Surgery
“The robotic-assisted biopsy platform Ion is a “game-changer” for patients with lung cancer, as it provides a quicker, less invasive surgical method for conducting a lung biopsy, according to Richard Lazzaro, MD. In a conversation with CancerNetwork, Lazzaro, the chief of Thoracic Surgery at the Southern Region of RWJBarnabas Health, spoke about his experience with adopting the Ion robotic bronchoscopy platform for the early detection of lung cancer at Monmouth Medical Center. He highlighted how the tool may enable practices to acquire tissue and perform disease staging with fewer complications, which may particularly benefit those who plan to undergo induction chemotherapy or immunotherapy.”

Podcast: Liquid Biopsy of Lung Cancer Before Pathological Diagnosis Is Associated With Shorter Time to Treatment

Radon Gas Exposure May Be Linked to Increased Incidence of Lung Cancer in Nonsmokers
“Long-term exposure to radon gas may be associated with a rise in nonsmoking lung cancer cases, according to a recent consumer survey conducted on behalf of The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC–James).”

Dato-DXd Outperforms Docetaxel in Nonsquamous Lung Cancer
“In the phase 3 TROPION-Lung01 study (NCT04656652), datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd; DS-1062a), a Trop-2 directed antibody drug conjugate (ADC), induced a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) when given as a treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, patients with squamous histology did not experience a benefit.”

FAPI-PET shows promise in patients with lung cancer
“FAPI-PET imaging could emerge as a new tool for assessing patients with single pulmonary tumors, especially in those with negative results on other scans, according to a study published April 11 in the Journal of Nuclear Medicine.”

FOXP3: A Player of Immunogenetic Architecture in Lung Cancer
“The transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is considered to be a prominent component of the immune system expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs are immunosuppressive cells that regulate immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. FOXP3 was originally thought to be a Tregs-specific molecule, but recent studies have pinpointed that FOXP3 is expressed in a diversity of benign tumors and carcinomas. The vast majority of the data have shown that FOXP3 is correlated with an unfavorable prognosis, although there are some reports indicating the opposite function of this molecule. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the FOXP3 role in the immunogenetic architecture of lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related death. We discuss the prognostic significance of tumor FOXP3 expression, tumor-infiltrating FOXP3-lymphocytes, tumor FOXP3 in tumor microenvironments and the potential of FOXP3-targeted therapy.”

Asbestos victim’s dying words aired in wrongful death case against Buffet’s railroad
“HELENA, Mont. — Thomas Wells ran a half-marathon at age 60 and played recreational volleyball until he was 63. At 65 years old, doctors diagnosed him with mesothelioma, a rare and aggressive lung cancer linked to asbestos exposure.”

Some breast cancer patients could be at risk of another type of cancer, study reveals
“Women with breast cancer who have received chemotherapy are at an increased risk of developing lung cancer, a new study suggests. Epic Research, a health data group based in Wisconsin, found that women in this category have a 57% higher lung cancer risk than those who received radiation. In comparison to patients who received endocrine therapy, those who have undergone chemo have a 171% increase in lung cancer risk, the study found.”

Spatial proteomic analysis of a lung cancer model reveals regulatory T cells attenuate KRAS-G12C inhibitor-induced immune responses
“We recently showed that lung tumor specific KRAS-G12C inhibition causes remodelling of the tumor immune microenvironment from cold to hot. As a result, KRAS-G12C inhibition is able to synergise with anti-PD-1 treatment, but only in tumor models that were already moderately responsive to immune checkpoint blockade at baseline.”

Research: Liquid Biopsy May Detect, Monitor Aggressive Lung Cancer
“A new lab assay developed by researchers at Fred Hutch Cancer Center could make diagnosis and treatment of small-cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer easier.”

New Genialis RNA Biomarker Accurately Predicts KRAS Outcomes in Lung Cancer Patients
“Genialis, the RNA-biomarker company, today presented a poster on a new AI/ML classifier, Genialis™ krasID, that accurately predicts clinical benefit in a real-world cohort of patients who received sotorasib, a KRAS inhibitor currently approved for KRAS G12C non-small cell lung cancers. Genialis presented additional findings on the performance of the biomarker in predicting drug response across preclinical models and real-world clinical benefit at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 2024 Annual Meeting in San Diego on April 5-10, 2024.”

Bacteria in cancer unmasked
“Researchers have compiled a detailed catalogue of bacteria living in cancer metastases. Having analyzed over 4000 tumors, they shed light on the diversity of these co-inhabitants and how they might interact with cancer cells and their surroundings. For example, certain bacteria were linked to a worse response to immunotherapy. This study paves the way to a better understanding of how bacteria help or hinder cancer (therapy), and how we can use this for patients’ advantage.”

FDA Grants Fast Track Designation to PT217 in ES-SCLC
“PT217 has been granted fast track designation by the FDA for the treatment of ES-SCLC, according to Phanes Therapeutics. The process is designed to facilitate the development and speed up the review of drugs that treat serious conditions and fill unmet needs.”

Study of Global Lung Cancer Deaths Points to Emerging Trends and Effects on Women
“A new study examines the causes of lung and related cancers in the 10 most populous nations, including the U.S. The findings, by researchers at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, part of the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, reveal an evolving picture of global mortality from tracheal, bronchial and lung cancers (TBLC) from 1990 to 2019. The data also put the spotlight not only on tobacco use but on air pollution. “Tobacco smoking is still the most important modifiable risk factor, but air pollution has become a very important risk factor as well,” said senior author Gilberto Lopes, M.D., chief of the Division of Medical Oncology at Sylvester and associate director for the cancer center.”

Roswell Park Research Debunks Perceived Benefits of Overweight/Obesity in Lung Cancer Patients
“BUFFALO, N.Y. —Obesity is associated with a higher risk of developing at least 13 types of cancer — and worse outcomes after diagnosis. But lung cancer seems to be an exception: Studies have shown that patients with a high body mass index (BMI) experience a lower risk of disease recurrence and longer survival after surgical treatment — an irregularity called “the obesity paradox.” In light of obesity’s detrimental effects in other cancers, what accounts for those unexpected outcomes?”

Life “Consumed” by Cancer Care: Lung Cancer Patients Spend 1 in 3 Days in Healthcare Contact, Study Finds
“A cancer diagnosis is life-changing event for patients and their families, triggering a cascade of tests and treatments often resulting in frequent, time-consuming healthcare appointments. How many healthcare contact days should patients ideally have? A recent study sought to address this question by examining the number of healthcare contact days for patients with advanced lung cancer. The results were published today in JAMA Network Open. Healthcare contact days refers to days spent receiving healthcare outside of the patient’s home. A high number of healthcare contact days can significantly affect families and caregivers as well as take away from personal time available for patients who may be facing limited life expectancy. The term “time toxicity” has been coined for the large amounts of time taken up healthcare that may interfere with other priorities.”

Lung Cancer Behind Projected 77% Jump in Cancer Cases by 2050
“Even as people around the globe marked World Health Day recently, a new report from the American Cancer Society (ACS) painted a grim picture of just how pervasive cancer will become in the next few decades. Using global data on cancer incidence and death from the Global Cancer Observatory, a World Health Organization (WHO) database, the ACS estimates that the number of people with cancer could rise by 77 percent by 2050. That increase will be driven primarily by population growth – the current global population of roughly 8 billion people is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050 – as well as an aging population.”

Fox Chase Cancer Center Researchers Show Estrogen Metabolites Contribute to Development of Lung Cancer Among People Who Never Smoked
“PHILADELPHIA (April 8, 2024) — In a study presented today at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Annual Meeting 2024, researchers at Fox Chase Cancer Center showed that estrogen is metabolized extensively in both mouse and human lungs, ultimately contributing to the development of lung cancer in people who have never smoked. Investigators at Fox Chase are the first to report this finding.”

Nanoparticle Delivery of FZD4 to Lung Endothelial Cells Inhibits Lung Cancer Progression and Metastases
“A recent breakthrough study from the lab of Tanya Kalin, MD, PhD, professor of Child Health and Internal Medicine at the University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, has shown potential to improve therapeutic outcomes for patients suffering from lung cancers. “We have identified the novel protein FOXF1 that stabilizes blood vessels inside the lung tumors, decreases intertumoral hypoxia and prevents lung cancer metastases,” explained Dr. Kalin, the senior author on this study.”

AstraZeneca reports positive Phase III results for Imfinzi in small cell lung cancer
“Though a recent Phase III trial failed to achieve its primary endpoint with Imfinzi (durvalumab) in a specific subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), AstraZeneca has announced that another Phase III study evaluating the checkpoint inhibitor has demonstrated a survival benefit in patients with limited-state small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC).”

Study Explores mRNA Vaccine Combo Therapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
“In a phase 1B study led by Jhanelle Gray, MD, chair of the Department of Thoracic Oncology at Moffitt Cancer Center, researchers evaluated the use of a messenger RNA-based cancer vaccine to improve upon immune checkpoint blockade therapy in patients with advanced-stage, previously treated NSCLC. “There are a few immune checkpoints we think are important in the therapeutic landscape for non-small cell lung cancer,” Gray said. “Some are further advanced than others, those being anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1, as well as anti-CTLA-4. But there’s some debate in the field over which patients can receive just one agent, and which need combination therapy.””

Merck puts KRAS cancer drug competitor to the test
“The Phase 3 study, which is set to enroll some 600 people with a common form of metastatic lung cancer, will pit the KRAS inhibitor together with Merck’s immunotherapy Keytruda against Keytruda alone. Researchers will assess whether the combination slows tumor progression and helps people live longer.”

Research shows complexity of shared decision-making about lung cancer screening
“Patients with multimorbidity and limited life expectancy are often unaware of the risks of lung cancer screening, and clinicians might be hesitant to discuss it, according to a pair of studies published in the Annals of Family Medicine.”

Using cryo-shocked tumor cells to fight lung cancer
“A team of medical researchers at Zhejiang University, in China, has developed a way to use cryo-shocked tumor cells to fight lung cancer. In their study, published in the journal Science Advances, the group used fast liquid nitrogen treatment to modify tumor cells to carry gene-editing tools to fight tumors in mouse models.”

SCLC Incidence Has Declined Overall, Increased Among Women in the US
“New data suggest the overall incidence of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in the United States has declined from its peak in the 1980s. However, the incidence of SCLC has increased among women, patients are now more likely to be diagnosed with extensive-stage SCLC, and improvements in overall survival (OS) have been “slow and modest,” according to researchers. They reported these findings in Cancer.”

The woman who built a biotech business from an EU science contest
“Andrea Stephany Diaz founded a startup to improve lung-cancer diagnosis after participating in a 2022 European event for young researchers. Andrea Stephany Diaz gushes with enthusiasm when talking about how she created her own biotechnology company two years ago at the age of 24 in a bid to revolutionise the detection of lung cancer.”

Krazati trial shows promise in lung cancer treatment
“PRINCETON – Bristol Myers Squibb (NYSE: NYSE:BMY) today announced that its Phase 3 KRYSTAL-12 study of KRAZATI (adagrasib) met its primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS) in treating patients with a specific mutation in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The trial, which focused on patients with the KRASG12C mutation who had previously undergone treatment, also achieved a key secondary endpoint of overall response rate (ORR).”

Researchers demonstrate technique for identifying single cancer cells in blood for the first time
“A pioneering study led by a Keele scientist has demonstrated how a single cancer cell can be identified in a sample of blood, paving the way for more personalized and targeted treatments for cancer patients.”

Eligibility for and Prevalence of Lung Cancer Screening in the United States in 2022
“The investigators stated, “In this cross-sectional study, expanded USPSTF eligibility criteria were associated with 5,371,908 additional individuals eligible for [lung cancer screening], with relative increases highest for Asian, Black, Hispanic, and female individuals, aligning with the goal of reducing race and ethnic and sex disparities in eligibility…. While approximately 619,054 newly eligible individuals were screened under expanded recommendations, 2022 [lung cancer screening] prevalence remained low (16.4%). Prior BRFSS analyses using 2013 USPSTF criteria reported [lung cancer screening] prevalence rates of 12.8% in 2019 (20 states) … and 21.2% in 2021 (4 states), indicating a similar [lung cancer screening] prevalence rate in 2021 and 2022 (19.6%).””

Wearable Activity Tracker Data Enhance Patient Assessment in Lung Cancer
“This analysis included 119 patients with advanced lung cancer, who were evaluated on 3 facets of physical activity over 14 days of using the amuelink wearable device from Sony: metabolic equivalent tasks, distance walked, and steps taken.”

Novocure Gets Phase III Win in Patients with Brain Metastases from Lung Cancer
“Novocure’s Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) is an investigational oncology therapy that uses electric fields that act via many different mechanisms to kill cancer cells. According to the company, the late-stage METIS trial met its primary endpoint, showing a statistically significant improvement in time to intracranial progression in adult patients with brain metastases treated with TTFields therapy and supportive care compared to supportive care alone.”

Clinical Trial of Keytruda and Lynparza Combination Fails to Meet Primary Endpoint for Treatment of Metastatic Nonsquamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
“Merck revealed that its Phase III KEYLYNK-006 clinical trial, which tested a combination of Keytruda and Lynparza for the treatment of a subset of patients with metastatic nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), failed to meet the primary endpoint of improving overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).”

Banner Health’s Ion procedure as high as 95% accurate at detecting lung cancer nodules
“Banner Health’s North Colorado Medical Center in Greeley offers robotic-assisted technology to help detect biopsy lung lesions early on among at-risk patients. John Cowden, an expert in pulmonary medicine at Banner Health, directs a technologically advanced diagnostic tool for lung cancer in northern Colorado — a robotic-assisted bronchoscopy called the Ion procedure.”

Incurable but not hopeless: How hope shapes patients’ awareness of their advanced cancer prognosis
“Hope is defined as the expectation of achieving a future good. Patients with cancer, whether it is curable or not, prioritize cure as their highest hope. Patients with incurable cancer wish to be informed about their disease and its treatment, but also need to maintain hope. This inner conflict can impact how they process information about their prognosis.”

Milken researchers find widened racial disparities in pollution-related illnesses
“Researchers examined air pollution and its associated health impacts like asthma and lung cancer from 2010 to 2019 and found that disparities in air pollution-related health complications have increased in that period. Gaige Kerr, the lead author of the study, said pollution-reducing legislation like the Clean Air Act has benefitted white communities more than communities of color because the regulations don’t resolve the history of government officials disproportionately placing pollutive factories and highways in minority neighborhoods, causing the disparity between the groups to increase.”

Oxford University developing new lung cancer vaccine
“Researchers at the University of Oxford have received a grant of £1.7 million to develop a vaccine for lung cancer.”

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Care Intensity at the End of Life for Patients With Lung Cancer
“The authors concluded: “Compared with [non-Hispanic White] patients, [Asian/Pacific Islander], Black, and Hispanic patients who died with lung cancer experienced higher intensity of [end-of-life] care. Future studies should develop approaches to eliminate such racial and ethnic disparities in care delivery at the [end of life].””

Low Screening Rates for Lung Cancer Highlight Public Health Priority
“Eligibility criteria for annual lung cancer screening (LCS) among current or former smokers should be updated, with the move going a long way to reduce screening disparities, experts emphasize today in JAMA Network Open. Their comparison of outcomes following the release of screening guidance from the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) in 2013 and updated in 2021 shows overall poor uptake of annual low-dose CT LCS, despite changes to 2 major criteria that expanded the eligibility pool: Age was lowered to 50 years from 55 to 80 years, and pack-year (PY) smoking history was reduced from 30 to 20.”

Tagrisso with the addition of chemotherapy showed favourable trend in overall survival in EGFR-mutated advanced lung cancer with further follow up in FLAURA2 Phase III trial
“Results from the FLAURA2 Phase III trial showed AstraZeneca’s ​Tagrisso (osimertinib) with the addition of chemotherapy​ provided a clinically meaningful and consistent benefit in subsequent outcomes after disease progression in patients with locally advanced or metastatic epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated (EGFRm) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tagrisso with the addition of chemotherapy also demonstrated a favourable trend toward overall survival (OS) improvement at two years of follow up. These results were presented today at the 2024 European Lung Cancer Congress (ELCC) in Prague, Czech Republic (abstract #4O).”

ChromaCode Partners With Medical College of Georgia on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Rapid PCR Testing
“The test utilizes ChromaCode’s high-definition PCR (HDPCR) technology, which involves machine learning algorithms and novel chemistries that increase the multiplexing capabilities of standard lab instruments. The panel covers all variants identified by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network as clinically relevant in NSCLC with a four-hour workflow for rapid results.”

Does Vaping Cause Lung Cancer?
“Vaping exposes you to thousands of chemicals, including many that cause cancer and lung disease.”

Video:

Updated ASCO Guidelines for Optimal Small Cell Lung Cancer Management
“In a conversation with CancerNetwork®, Gregory Peter Kalemkerian, MD, spoke about the publication of updated guidelines for managing small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with systemic therapy, which was developed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) in collaboration with Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario).”

Nearly half of patients with positive lung cancer screening findings delay follow-up care
“Key takeaways: Delaying follow-up after receipt of positive lung cancer screening findings was relatively common. Patients with lung cancer had a high likelihood of clinical upstaging if they delayed follow-up.”

Lung Cancer Survivors and Caregivers Take Their Stories to Capitol Hill to Advocate for Lifesaving Research and Public Health Funding
“WASHINGTON, March 18, 2024 /PRNewswire/ — On Wednesday, March 20, LUNG FORCE Heroes—people living with lung cancer, their loved ones and advocates from across the country—will travel to Washington, D.C. to advocate for lifesaving research and public health funding. As a part of the American Lung Association LUNG FORCE Advocacy Day, the advocates will meet with members of Congress to share their stories, and ask them to support $51.3 billion in research funding for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and $11.6 billion in funding for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).”

GRAIL Announces Novel Risk Classification Test to Be Used in Lung Cancer Study
“MENLO PARK, Calif. & CAMBRIDGE, England–(BUSINESS WIRE)– GRAIL, LLC, a healthcare company whose mission is to detect cancer early when it can be cured, announced today that participants from Japan, via a collaboration with AstraZeneca (LSE/STO/Nasdaq:AZN), will have their samples tested using GRAIL’s novel risk classification test on its Methylation Platform. This assay has been validated for recurrence risk classification in newly diagnosed Stage I lung adenocarcinoma.”

Early Onset of Lung Cancer in Small Areas as a Signature of Point Pollution Sources
“At a small-area scale, the detrimental effect of air pollution on lung cancer is challenging to identify and measure due to the potentially scattered detection of pollutants and/or limited statistical power of available indicators. A novel method is presented to detect and quantify the detrimental impact of pollution in small areas by employing the early onset of lung cancer as a signature of pollution. Early-onset lung cancer may speed up the investigation of potential environmental hazards in a specific area, enabling public health officials or citizen committees to carry out geographical analyses.”

FDA Accepts NDA for Ensartinib in Metastatic ALK-Positive NSCLC
“The regulatory agency set an action date of December 28, 2024 for ensartinib as a treatment for those with ALK-positive non–small cell lung cancer.”

Study Reveals New Insights Into Immune System Role in Lung Cancer Risk
“Recent developments in cancer research have highlighted the vital role of the immune system, particularly in the notable successes of cancer immunotherapy. Now, a paradigm-shifting study led by researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York in collaboration with the University of Helsinki, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard sheds light on how variations in immune genetics influence lung cancer risk, potentially paving the way for enhanced prevention strategies and screening.”

Lung Cancer Replaces Breast Cancer as Most Common Form Among Chinese Women
“(Yicai) March 14 — Lung cancer has surpassed breast cancer as the most frequent type of malignant tumor among Chinese women amid the aging population. In 2022, China had 402,000 women with lung cancer and 357,000 people with breast cancer, according to the most recent report by the National Cancer Center. The nation recorded almost 1.1 million new lung cancers, making up 22 percent of all new cases of diseases linked to abnormal cell growth.”

Immunotherapy Trials for Metastatic NSCLC: FDA Pooled Analysis
“In a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pooled analysis reported in The Lancet Oncology, Bernardo Haddock Lobo Goulart, MD, and colleagues found that response rate and progression-free survival were only moderately correlated with overall survival in first-line immunotherapy trials for metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).”